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Index of social isolation risk factors: poverty; living alone; divorced, separated or widowed; never married; disability; and independent living difficulty among adults ages 65 and older. Normalized values are 1 to 100, with a higher value indicating greater risk
Index of social isolation risk factors: poverty; living alone; divorced, separated or widowed; never married; disability; and independent living difficulty among adults ages 65 and older. Normalized values are 1 to 100, with a higher value indicating greater risk
Top State(s): Utah: 1
Bottom State(s): Mississippi: 100
Definition: Index of social isolation risk factors: poverty; living alone; divorced, separated or widowed; never married; disability; and independent living difficulty among adults ages 65 and older. Normalized values are 1 to 100, with a higher value indicating greater risk
Data Source and Years: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2017-2021
Suggested Citation: America's Health Rankings analysis of U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, United Health Foundation, AmericasHealthRankings.org, accessed 2023.
Approximately 43% of older people report feeling some degree of loneliness. Life events such as retirement, loss of loved ones and age-related mental and physical decline can make it difficult for older adults to maintain social connectedness. Socially isolated older adults are left further vulnerable as they go through stressful life events common to aging without the buffering effects of social support. Strong social networks have been shown to improve physical and cognitive health and self-management of chronic illness.
While there are many definitions of social isolation and a variety of ways to measure it, social isolation is generally described as the absence of meaningful social relationships. Social isolation differs from loneliness in that loneliness is the feeling of lacking meaningful social relationships, while social isolation addresses the objective lack of social relationships. An individual can be socially isolated and not lonely or feel lonely and not be socially isolated. In the United States, social isolation affects about a quarter of adults ages 65 and older.
The COVID-19 pandemic and the interventions it necessitated, such as quarantine and social distancing, have made it more difficult for older adults to maintain social and emotional support systems and exacerbated already-widespread feelings of isolation. In 2018, 27% of older adults reported feeling social isolation; in June 2020, at the height of the pandemic, that number jumped to 56%.
Social isolation can complicate health care and negatively impact physical health and mental well-being. It is associated with lower use of health care, increased risk of mortality and higher rates of several negative health outcomes, including dementia and coronary heart disease or stroke. The increased health care costs of social isolation are comparable to those of some chronic illnesses, accounting for an additional $6.7 billion in Medicare expenditures annually.
Factors that influence social isolation among older adults include race and ethnicity, immigration status, level of English proficiency, sexual orientation and gender identity, meaningful social participation and support of family and community. Older adults at greater risk of experiencing social isolation include:
Interventions to decrease social isolation among older adults are most successful when they get older adults involved rather than simply providing services or training.
AARP points to the importance of senior and community centers in facilitating group interactions. They also offer resources for older adults experiencing social isolation, including tools to find and maintain social connections.
Healthy People 2030 identified social cohesion as a key issue in the Social and Community Context domain of the social determinants of health.
Bremer, Daniel, Laura Inhestern, and Olaf von dem Knesebeck. 2017. “Social Relationships and Physician Utilization among Older Adults—A Systematic Review.” PLOS ONE 12 (9): e0185672. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185672.
Chen, Yi-Ru Regina, and Peter J. Schulz. 2016. “The Effect of Information Communication Technology Interventions on Reducing Social Isolation in the Elderly: A Systematic Review.” Journal of Medical Internet Research 18 (1): e18. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.4596.
Cornwell, Erin York, and Linda J. Waite. 2009. “Social Disconnectedness, Perceived Isolation, and Health among Older Adults.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 50 (1): 31–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650905000103.
Cotterell, Natalie, Tine Buffel, and Christopher Phillipson. 2018. “Preventing Social Isolation in Older People.” Maturitas 113 (July): 80–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.04.014.
Dickens, Andy P., Suzanne H. Richards, Colin J. Greaves, and John L. Campbell. 2011. “Interventions Targeting Social Isolation in Older People: A Systematic Review.” BMC Public Health 11 (1): 647. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-647.
Elder, Katie, and Jess Retrum. 2012. “Framework for Isolation in Adults Over 50.” AARP Foundation. https://www.aarp.org/content/dam/aarp/aarp_foundation/2012_PDFs/AARP-Foundation-Isolation-Framework-Report.pdf.
Flowers, Lynda, Ari Houser, Claire Noel-Miller, Jonathan Shaw, Jay Bhattacharya, Lena Schoemaker, and Monica Farid. 2017. “Medicare Spends More on Socially Isolated Older Adults.” Washington, D.C.: AARP Public Policy Institute. https://doi.org/10.26419/ppi.00016.001.
Fratiglioni, Laura, Hui-Xin Wang, Kjerstin Ericsson, Margaret Maytan, and Bengt Winblad. 2000. “Influence of Social Network on Occurrence of Dementia: A Community-Based Longitudinal Study.” The Lancet 355 (9212): 1315–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02113-9.
Gallant, Mary P. 2003. “The Influence of Social Support on Chronic Illness Self-Management: A Review and Directions for Research.” Health Education & Behavior 30 (2): 170–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198102251030.
Henning-Smith, Carrie, Christina Worrall, Madelyn Klabunde, and Yingling Fan. 2020. “The Role of Transportation in Addressing Social Isolation in Older Adults.” The National Center for Mobility Management. https://nationalcenterformobilitymanagement.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/FINAL_CONDENSED_SOCIAL-ISOLATION-RESEARCH-PAPER.pdf.
Holt-Lunstad, Julianne, Timothy B. Smith, Mark Baker, Tyler Harris, and David Stephenson. 2015. “Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review.” Perspectives on Psychological Science 10 (2): 227–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614568352.
Malani, Preeti, Jeffrey Kullgren, Erica Solway, John Piette, Dianne Singer, and Matthias Kirch. 2020. “National Poll on Healthy Aging: Loneliness Among Older Adults Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Healthcare Policy & Innovation. https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/162549.
Moran, Nora. 2017. “Aging in the Shadows: An Update on Social Isolation Among Older Adults in NYC.” New York: United Neighborhood Houses. https://uploads.prod01.oregon.platform-os.com/instances/542/assets/documents/Aging%20In%20The%20Shadows%202017.pdf.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Opportunities for the Health Care System. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25663.
Perissinotto, Carla M., Irena Stijacic Cenzer, and Kenneth E. Covinsky. 2012. “Loneliness in Older Persons: A Predictor of Functional Decline and Death.” Archives of Internal Medicine 172 (14): 1078–84. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2012.1993.
Steptoe, Andrew, Aparna Shankar, Panayotes Demakakos, and Jane Wardle. 2013. “Social Isolation, Loneliness, and All-Cause Mortality in Older Men and Women.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 (15): 5797–5801. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1219686110.
Valtorta, Nicole K., Mona Kanaan, Simon Gilbody, Sara Ronzi, and Barbara Hanratty. 2016. “Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Observational Studies.” Heart 102 (13): 1009–16. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308790.
America’s Health Rankings builds on the work of the United Health Foundation to draw attention to public health and better understand the health of various populations. Our platform provides relevant information that policymakers, public health officials, advocates and leaders can use to effect change in their communities.
We have developed detailed analyses on the health of key populations in the country, including women and children, seniors and those who have served in the U.S. Armed Forces, in addition to a deep dive into health disparities across the country.