Drinking Water Violations (Serious) in Kentucky

Kentucky

Safe drinking water is important to overall health and may aid in the prevention of certain birth defects, infectious diseases and premature death. There are more than 148,000 public water systems providing drinking water to Americans. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets legal limits on more than 90 contaminants in drinking water. Maximum contaminant levels, maximum residual disinfectant levels and treatment technique rules are all health-based drinking water standards. 

Monitoring and enforcing health-based violations is critical to helping states and the EPA protect public health through safe drinking water. An estimated 3-10% of community water systems receive a health-based violation in any given year. The agriculture industry is one of the leading sources of drinking water contamination in America. While pesticides and fertilizers are used in many places, toxic runoff from these pollutants are found at higher readings in rural communities. Water contaminants such as arsenic, lead and nitrates have been strongly linked to gastrointestinal illnesses, cancer and neurodevelopmental damage in children.

Children, the elderly, pregnant women and people with compromised immune systems are more vulnerable to the damaging health effects of contaminated water. Drinking water violations are higher among:

• Rural areas compared with urban areas. 
• Low-income communities compared with higher-income communities. 
• Areas with previous violations, known as hot spots, that may struggle with recurring issues. 
• Areas with a higher percentage of racial minority populations.

The County Health Rankings and Roadmaps lists multiple programs and interventions that reduce water pollution, thereby helping to decrease drinking water violations. The EPA provides detailed information on drinking water violations and works with all states to ensure compliance with the Clean Water Act. Adopting a water safety plan with one’s community offers multiple benefits, and has been shown to decrease contamination and improve regulation compliance.

The Environmental Working Group has a tool for checking contaminants in drinking water violations based on zip code and recommends the following:

• Use an appropriate filter for different types of contaminants.
• Contact state representatives to take action after requesting and reviewing your water supplier’s annual Consumer Confidence Report, which lists levels of contaminants found in the drinking water.

Healthy People 2030 has an objective to increase the proportion of people whose supply of drinking water meets Safe Drinking Water Act regulations. Further, the EPA’s Agency Strategic Plan aims to reduce the number of community water systems that are not in compliance with health-based standards.

Allaire, Maura, Haowei Wu, and Upmanu Lall. 2018. “National Trends in Drinking Water Quality Violations.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115 (9): 2078–83. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1719805115.

Gunnarsdottir, Maria J., Sigurdur M. Gardarsson, Mark Elliott, Gudrun Sigmundsdottir, and Jamie Bartram. 2012. “Benefits of Water Safety Plans: Microbiology, Compliance, and Public Health.” Environmental Science & Technology 46 (14): 7782–89. https://doi.org/10.1021/es300372h.

Mac Kenzie, William R., Neil J. Hoxie, Mary E. Proctor, M. Stephen Gradus, Kathleen A. Blair, Dan E. Peterson, James J. Kazmierczak, et al. 1994. “A Massive Outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium Infection Transmitted through the Public Water Supply.” New England Journal of Medicine 331 (3): 161–67. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199407213310304.

McDonald, Yolanda J., and Nicole E. Jones. 2018. “Drinking Water Violations and Environmental Justice in the United States, 2011–2015.” American Journal of Public Health 108 (10): 1401–7. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304621.