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South Dakota Value:
Percentage of women with a recent live birth who experienced violence by a husband or partner (current or former) in the 12 months before pregnancy
Appears In:
Percentage of women with a recent live birth who experienced violence by a husband or partner (current or former) in the 12 months before pregnancy
US Value: 2.6%
Top State(s): Minnesota: 1.0%
Bottom State(s): Missouri: 4.8%
Definition: Percentage of women with a recent live birth who experienced violence by a husband or partner (current or former) in the 12 months before pregnancy
Data Source and Years(s): CDC, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System or state equivalent, 2021
Suggested Citation: America's Health Rankings analysis of CDC, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System or state equivalent, United Health Foundation, AmericasHealthRankings.org, accessed 2024.
Intimate partner violence (IPV) describes any behavior, action or pattern of psychological, physical and/or sexual harm within an intimate relationship. IPV can lead to lasting physical and mental health issues, and women who experience IPV before or during pregnancy are less likely to receive adequate prenatal care. Additionally, more than half of all female homicides are related to IPV, and approximately 10% of women killed by an intimate partner experienced violence sometime during the month before their deaths.
According to the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, nearly 1 in 2 women in the United States report experiencing some form of IPV in their lifetime. The true prevalence of IPV is unknown due to underreporting. Underreporting may be higher among certain populations, as cultural background, socioeconomic status and age affect whether and how individuals talk about IPV.
Risk factors include conflict or economic stress within a relationship and male dominance in the family. Individuals who experienced IPV in the year before pregnancy are at increased risk of:
A 2017 study calculated the lifetime cost of intimate partner violence at $103,767 per female victim, representing a total economic burden of $3.6 trillion.
The prevalence of intimate partner violence is higher among:
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that clinicians screen all women of reproductive age for IPV and connect women who screen positive to intervention services.
In a survey of women who have recently given birth, more than half who reported physical partner violence said they were not screened for IPV in the 12 months before pregnancy. Barriers to screening include time constraints during a visit, personal discomfort and not knowing what to do if a patient is experiencing IPV. In response, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has developed shorter IPV screening questionnaires and is working to help health care providers assist patients who are experiencing IPV. Asking specific behavioral questions and avoiding loaded terms like “abuse” can improve the outcome of IPV screenings. The CDC provides resources for those who may be experiencing IPV.
There are several strategies for preventing IPV, including:
Healthy People 2030 has identified the need to reduce intimate partner violence as an important public health issue and currently has an objective in developmental status.
Bailey, Beth A. 2010. “Partner Violence during Pregnancy: Prevalence, Effects, Screening, and Management.” International Journal of Women’s Health 2 (August): 183–97. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S8632.
Basile, Kathleen C., Marci F. Hertz, and Sudie E. Back. 2007. “Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Violence Victimization Assessment Instruments for Use in Healthcare Settings: Version 1.” Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. https://permanent.fdlp.gov/gpo36292/ipvandsvscreening.pdf.
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Follingstad, Diane R., and M. Jill Rogers. 2013. “Validity Concerns in the Measurement of Women’s and Men’s Report of Intimate Partner Violence.” Sex Roles 69 (3–4): 149–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-013-0264-5.
Kozhimannil, Katy B., Valerie A. Lewis, Julia D. Interrante, Phoebe L. Chastain, and Lindsay Admon. 2023. “Screening for and Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence in the United States Before, During, and After Pregnancy, 2016–2019.” American Journal of Public Health 113 (3): 297–305. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.307195.
Leemis, Ruth W., Norah Friar, Srijana Khatiwada, May S. Chen, Marcie-jo Kresnow, Sharon G. Smith, Sharon Caslin, and Kathleen C. Basile. 2022. “The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2016/2017 Report on Intimate Partner Violence.” Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/nisvs/NISVSReportonIPV_2022.pdf.
Niolon, Phyllis Holditch, Megan Kearns, Jenny Dills, Kirsten Rambo, Shalon Irving, Theresa L. Armstead, and Leah Gilbert. 2017. “Preventing Intimate Partner Violence Across the Lifespan: A Technical Package of Programs, Policies, and Practices.” Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/ipv-technicalpackages.pdf.
Paterno, Mary T., and Jessica E. Draughon. 2016. “Screening for Intimate Partner Violence.” Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health 61 (3): 370–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12443.
Peterson, Cora, Megan C. Kearns, Wendy LiKamWa McIntosh, Lianne Fuino Estefan, Christina Nicolaidis, Kathryn E. McCollister, Amy Gordon, and Curtis Florence. 2018. “Lifetime Economic Burden of Intimate Partner Violence Among U.S. Adults.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 55 (4): 433–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.04.049.
Petrosky, Emiko, Janet M. Blair, Carter J. Betz, Katherine A. Fowler, Shane P. D. Jack, and Bridget H. Lyons. 2017. “Racial and Ethnic Differences in Homicides of Adult Women and the Role of Intimate Partner Violence — United States, 2003–2014.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 66 (28): 741–46. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6628a1.
Ramaswamy, Amrutha, Usha Ranji, and Alina Salganicoff. 2019. “Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Screening and Counseling Services in Clinical Settings.” Issue Brief. KFF. https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/issue-brief/intimate-partner-violence-ipv-screening-and-counseling-services-in-clinical-settings/.
Silverman, Jay G., Michele R. Decker, Elizabeth Reed, and Anita Raj. 2006. “Intimate Partner Violence Victimization Prior to and during Pregnancy among Women Residing in 26 U.S. States: Associations with Maternal and Neonatal Health.” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 195 (1): 140–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2005.12.052.
White House Gender Policy Council. 2021. “National Strategy on Gender Equity and Equality.” Washington, D.C.: White House. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/National-Strategy-on-Gender-Equity-and-Equality.pdf.
Yakubovich, Alexa R., Heidi Stöckl, Joseph Murray, G. J. Melendez-Torres, Janina I. Steinert, Calla E. Y. Glavin, and David K. Humphreys. 2018. “Risk and Protective Factors for Intimate Partner Violence Against Women: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Prospective–Longitudinal Studies.” American Journal of Public Health 108 (7): e1–11. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304428.
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