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- Kramarow, Ellen et al. “Drug Overdose Deaths Among Adults Aged 65 and Over: United States, 2000-2020.” NCHS Data Brief No. 455. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, November 30, 2022. https://doi.org/10.15620/cdc:121828.
- McLachlan, Andrew J. et al. “Drug Metabolism in Older People—A Key Consideration in Achieving Optimal Outcomes With Medicines.” The Journals of Gerontology: Series A 67A, no. 2 (February 1, 2012): 175–80. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glr118.
- Martin, Crescent B. et al. “Prescription Drug Use in the United States, 2015–2016.” NCHS Data Brief No. 334. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 2019. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31112126/.
- Mallet, Louise et al. “The Challenge of Managing Drug Interactions in Elderly People.” The Lancet 370, no. 9582 (July 2007): 185–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61092-7.
- Qato, Dima M. et al. “Use of Prescription and Over-the-Counter Medications and Dietary Supplements Among Older Adults in the United States.” JAMA 300, no. 24 (December 24, 2008): 2867–78. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2008.892.
- Healthy People 2030. “Reduce Drug Overdose Deaths — SU-03.” Accessed April 7, 2025. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/drug-and-alcohol-use/reduce-drug-overdose-deaths-su-03.
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. “Aging and Alcohol.” NIAAA.NIH.gov, December 2024. https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohols-effects-health/aging-and-alcohol.
- Curtin, Sally C. et al. “QuickStats: Rate of Alcohol-Induced Deaths Among Persons Aged ≥25 Years, by Age Group — National Vital Statistics System, 1999–2017.” MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 68, no. 33 (August 23, 2019): 734. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6833a5.
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- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Opportunities for the Health Care System. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2020. https://doi.org/10.17226/25663.
- Kiosses, Dimitris N. et al. “Suicide in Older Adults: The Role of Emotions and Cognition.” Current Psychiatry Reports 16, no. 495 (September 18, 2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-014-0495-3.
- Healthy People 2030. “Reduce the Suicide Rate — MHMD-01.” Accessed April 9, 2025. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/mental-health-and-mental-disorders/reduce-suicide-rate-mhmd-01.
- Healthy People 2030. “Reduce Firearm-Related Deaths — IVP-13.” Accessed April 9, 2025. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/violence-prevention/reduce-firearm-related-deaths-ivp-13.
- Murphy, Sherry L. et al. “Mortality in the United States, 2023.” NCHS Data Brief No. 521. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, December 19, 2024. https://doi.org/10.15620/cdc/170564.
- Mather, Mark et al. “Up to Half of U.S. Premature Deaths Are Preventable; Behavioral Factors Key.” Population Reference Bureau, September 14, 2015. https://www.prb.org/resources/up-to-half-of-u-s-premature-deaths-are-preventable-behavioral-factors-key/.
- Novotney, Amy. “The Risks of Social Isolation.” Monitor on Psychology 50, no. 5 (May 2019): 32. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2019/05/ce-corner-isolation.
- National Council on Aging. “Get the Facts on Falls Prevention.” NCOA.org, June 1, 2024. https://www.ncoa.org/article/get-the-facts-on-falls-prevention/.
- Garnett, Matthew. “QuickStats: Death Rates from Unintentional Falls Among Persons Aged ≥65 Years, by Age Group — National Vital Statistics System, United States, 1999–2020.” MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 71, no. 38 (September 23, 2022): 1225. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7138a4.
- Kakara, Ramakrishna et al. “Nonfatal and Fatal Falls Among Adults Aged ≥65 Years — United States, 2020–2021.” MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 72, no. 35 (September 1, 2023): 938–43. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7235a1.
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition. “Obesity.” The Nutrition Source, June 30, 2024. https://nutritionsource.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity/.
- Masters, Ryan K. et al. “Obesity and US Mortality Risk Over the Adult Life Course.” American Journal of Epidemiology 177, no. 5 (February 3, 2013): 431–42. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kws325.
- Spreng, R. Nathan et al. “Aging and Financial Exploitation Risk.” In Aging and Money, edited by Ronan M. Factora, 2nd ed., 55–73. Cham: Springer Press, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67565-3_5.
- Aladangady, Aditya et al. “Changes in U.S. Family Finances from 2019 to 2022: Evidence from the Survey of Consumer Finances.” Washington, D.C.: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, October 2023. https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/files/scf23.pdf.
- FBI. “Elder Fraud.” FBI.gov. Accessed April 9, 2025. https://www.fbi.gov/how-we-can-help-you/scams-and-safety/common-frauds-and-scams/elder-fraud.
- Shang, Yuxi et al. “The Psychology of the Internet Fraud Victimization of Older Adults: A Systematic Review.” Frontiers in Psychology 13 (September 5, 2022): 912242. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.912242.
- Internet Crime Complaint Center. “2023 Elder Fraud Report.” U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, April 30, 2024. https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2023_IC3ElderFraudReport.pdf.
- Lubetkin, Erica I. et al. “Burden of Disease Associated with Lower Levels of Income among US Adults Aged 65 and Older.” BMJ Open 7, no. 1 (January 2017): e013720. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013720.
- Adler, Nancy E. et al. “Socioeconomic Status and Health: The Challenge of the Gradient.” American Psychologist 49, no. 1 (1994): 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.49.1.15.
- Jacobson, Gretchen et al. “Income and Assets of Medicare Beneficiaries, 2016-2035.” Issue Brief. KFF, April 21, 2017. https://www.kff.org/medicare/issue-brief/income-and-assets-of-medicare-beneficiaries-2016-2035/.
- Minkler, Meredith et al. “Gradient of Disability across the Socioeconomic Spectrum in the United States.” New England Journal of Medicine 355, no. 7 (August 17, 2006): 695–703. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa044316.
- Baker, Kermit et al. “Housing America’s Older Adults — Meeting the Needs of an Aging Population.” Edited by Marcia Fernald. Cambridge, MA: Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University, 2014. https://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/media/imp/jchs-housing_americas_older_adults_2014_0.pdf.
- Steptoe, Andrew et al. “Lower Socioeconomic Status and the Acceleration of Aging: An Outcome-Wide Analysis.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 26 (June 30, 2020): 14911–17. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915741117.
- Healthy People 2030. “Reduce the Proportion of People Living in Poverty — SDOH-01.” Accessed April 9, 2025. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/economic-stability/reduce-proportion-people-living-poverty-sdoh-01.
- Early, Jody et al. “Digital Disenfranchisement and COVID-19: Broadband Internet Access as a Social Determinant of Health.” Health Promotion Practice 22, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): 605–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248399211014490.
- Julien, Howard M. et al. “Telemedicine and the Forgotten America.” Circulation 142, no. 4 (July 28, 2020): 312–14. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048535.
- Suran, Melissa. “Increased Use of Medicare Telehealth During the Pandemic.” JAMA 327, no. 4 (January 25, 2022): 313. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.23332.
- Amundsen, Diana. “Digital Technologies as a Panacea for Social Isolation and Loneliness among Older Adults: An Intervention Model for Flourishing and Wellbeing.” Video Journal of Education and Pedagogy 5, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1163/23644583-00501008.
- Sen, Keya et al. “The Use of Digital Technology for Social Wellbeing Reduces Social Isolation in Older Adults: A Systematic Review.” SSM - Population Health 17 (March 1, 2022): 101020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.101020.
- Yu, Kexin et al. “Internet Use and Loneliness of Older Adults Over Time: The Mediating Effect of Social Contact.” Edited by Deborah Carr. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B 76, no. 3 (February 17, 2021): 541–50. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa004.
- Merschel, Michael. “High-Speed Internet Offers Key Connection to Health, but Millions Lack It.” American Heart Association News, August 5, 2020. https://www.heart.org/en/news/2020/08/05/high-speed-internet-offers-key-connection-to-health-but-millions-lack-it.
- Pilkington, Pamela D. et al. “Volunteering and Subjective Well-Being in Midlife and Older Adults: The Role of Supportive Social Networks.” The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 67B, no. 2 (March 1, 2012): 249–60. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbr154.
- Musich, Shirley et al. “Purpose in Life and Positive Health Outcomes Among Older Adults.” Population Health Management 21, no. 2 (April 2018): 139–47. https://doi.org/10.1089/pop.2017.0063.
- Villalonga-Olives, Ester et al. “Longitudinal Impact of Volunteering on the Cognitive Functioning of Older Adults: A Secondary Analysis from the US Health and Retirement Study.” International Journal of Nursing Sciences 10, no. 3 (July 2023): 373–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2023.06.018.
- Griep, Yannick et al. “Can Volunteering in Later Life Reduce the Risk of Dementia? A 5-Year Longitudinal Study among Volunteering and Non-Volunteering Retired Seniors.” Edited by Gianluigi Forloni. PLoS ONE 12, no. 3 (March 16, 2017): e0173885. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173885.
- Totten, Annette et al. “Evidence Brief: Effect of Geriatricians on Outcomes of Inpatient and Outpatient Care.” VA Evidence Synthesis Program Evidence Briefs. Washington, D.C.: Department of Veterans Affairs, Health Services Research & Development Service, June 2012. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK98020/.
- Johns Hopkins Medicine. “Specialists in Aging — Do You Need a Geriatrician?” HopkinsMedicine.org, November 1, 2024. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/specialists-in-aging-do-you-need-a-geriatrician.
- American Geriatrics Society. “Geriatrics Workforce By the Numbers.” AmericanGeriatrics.org. Accessed April 10, 2025. https://www.americangeriatrics.org/geriatrics-profession/about-geriatrics/geriatrics-workforce-numbers.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Flu and People 65 Years and Older.” CDC.gov, February 14, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/highrisk/65over.htm.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Signs and Symptoms of Flu.” CDC.gov, January 14, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/signs-symptoms/index.html.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Preliminary Estimated Flu Disease Burden 2022–2023 Flu Season.” CDC.gov, November 19, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/flu-burden/php/data-vis/2022-2023.html.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Benefits of the Flu Vaccine.” CDC.gov, August 14, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/flu-vaccines-work/benefits/index.html.
- Healthy People 2030. “Increase the Proportion of People Who Get the Flu Vaccine Every Year — IID-09.” Accessed April 10, 2025. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/vaccination/increase-proportion-people-who-get-flu-vaccine-every-year-iid-09.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “About RSV.” CDC.gov, August 30, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/about/index.html.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “RSV in Older Adults.” CDC.gov, August 30, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/older-adults/index.html.
- Britton, Amadea et al. “Use of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines in Adults Aged ≥60 Years: Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2024.” MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 73, no. 32 (August 15, 2024): 696–702. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7332e1.
- Cleveland Clinic. “Primary Care Physician (PCP): Role, Education & Where to Find.” Cleveland Clinic. Accessed April 10, 2025. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/23467-primary-care-physician.
- Friedberg, Mark W. et al. “Primary Care: A Critical Review Of The Evidence On Quality And Costs Of Health Care.” Health Affairs 29, no. 5 (May 1, 2010): 766–72. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0025.
- Healthy People 2030. “Increase the Proportion of People with a Usual Primary Care Provider — AHS-07.” Accessed April 10, 2025. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/health-care-access-and-quality/increase-proportion-people-usual-primary-care-provider-ahs-07.
- PHI. “Key Facts & FAQ: Understanding the Direct Care Workforce.” PHINational.org. Accessed April 10, 2025. https://www.phinational.org/policy-research/key-facts-faq/.
- AARP.org. “LTSS Worker Wage Competitiveness: Long-Term Services and Supports State Scorecard.” Accessed April 10, 2025. https://ltsschoices.aarp.org/scorecard-report/2023/dimensions-and-indicators/ltss-worker-wage-competitiveness.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Physical Activity Benefits for Adults 65 or Older.” CDC.gov, November 7, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/physical-activity-basics/health-benefits/older-adults.html.
- Zhao, Min et al. “Recommended Physical Activity and All Cause and Cause Specific Mortality in US Adults: Prospective Cohort Study.” BMJ 370 (July 1, 2020): m2031. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2031.
- Panneton, Michelle et al. “Principles for Using Public Health Data to Drive Equity: A Guide to Embedding Equitable Practices throughout the Data Life Cycle.” The CDC Foundation, n.d. https://www.cdcfoundation.org/data-equity-principles?inline.
- Burton, Deron C. et al. “Principles of Health Equity Science for Public Health Action.” Public Health Reports 139, no. 3 (May 2024): 277–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/00333549231213162.