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2025 Annual Report

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Garnett, Matthew et al. Drug Overdose Deaths in the United States, 2003–2023. NCHS Data Brief No. 522. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, December 2024. https://doi.org/10.15620/cdc/170565
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “CDC Reports Nearly 24% Decline in U.S. Drug Overdose Deaths.” CDC Newsroom, February 25, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2025/2025-cdc-reports-decline-in-us-drug-overdose-deaths.html
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Post, Lori Ann et al. “Decline in US Drug Overdose Deaths by Region, Substance, and Demographics.” JAMA Network Open 8, no. 6 (June 12, 2025): e2514997. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.14997
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Healthy People 2030. “Reduce Drug Overdose Deaths — SU‑03.” Objective. Accessed November 11, 2025. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/drug-and-alcohol-use/reduce-drug-overdose-deaths-su-03
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. “Alcohol-Related Emergencies and Deaths in the United States.” NIAAA.NIH.gov, August 2025. https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohols-effects-health/alcohol-topics-z/alcohol-facts-and-statistics/alcohol-related-emergencies-and-deaths-united-states
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Healthy People 2030. “Reduce the Suicide Rate — MHMD‑01.” Objective. Accessed November 11, 2025. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/mental-health-and-mental-disorders/reduce-suicide-rate-mhmd-01
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) Before Age 75 for 10 All Deaths with Drilldown to ICD Codes — 2022, United States, All Sexes, All Races.” WISQARS Leading Causes of Death Visualization Tool, CDC.gov. Accessed November 11, 2025. https://wisqars.cdc.gov/lcd/?o=YPLL&y1=2022&y2=2022&ct=10&cc=ALL&g=00&s=0&r=0&ry=2&e=0&ypll=75
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Fast Facts: Firearm Injury and Death.” CDC.gov, July 5, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/firearm-violence/data-research/facts-stats/index.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Suicide Data and Statistics.” CDC.gov, March 26, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/suicide/facts/data.html
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Grinshteyn, Erin et al. “Violent Death Rates in the US Compared to Those of the Other High-Income Countries, 2015.” Preventive Medicine 123 (June 2019): 20–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.02.026
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Kim, Rose et al. Gun Violence in the United States 2023: Examining the Gun Suicide Epidemic. Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Violence Solutions, Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Violence Solutions: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 2025. https://publichealth.jhu.edu/sites/default/files/2025-06/2023-cgvs-gun-violence-in-the-united-states.pdf
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Healthy People 2030. “Reduce Firearm-Related Deaths — IVP‑13.” Objective. Accessed November 11, 2025. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/violence-prevention/reduce-firearm-related-deaths-ivp-13
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “FastStats - Homicide.” CDC.gov, September 17, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/homicide.htm
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Gramlich, John. “What the Data Says About Gun Deaths in the U.S.” Pew Research Center, April 26, 2023. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/04/26/what-the-data-says-about-gun-deaths-in-the-u-s/
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Healthy People 2030. “Reduce Homicides — IVP‑09.” Objective. Accessed November 11, 2025. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/violence-prevention/reduce-homicides-ivp-09
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Brand, Jennie E. “The Far-Reaching Impact of Job Loss and Unemployment.” Annual Review of Sociology 41, no. 1 (August 14, 2015): 359–75. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043237
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Parker, Kim et al. “Unemployed Americans Are Feeling the Emotional Strain of Job Loss; Most Have Considered Changing Occupations.” Pew Research Center, February 10, 2021. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/02/10/unemployed-americans-are-feeling-the-emotional-strain-of-job-loss-most-have-considered-changing-occupations/
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Nie, Jing et al. “Association Between Employment Status and Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 74 (February 21, 2020): 428–36. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-213179
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How Does Employment, or Unemployment, Affect Health? Issue Brief. Health Policy Snapshot: Public Health and Prevention. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, March 12, 2013. https://www.rwjf.org/en/library/research/2012/12/how-does-employment--or-unemployment--affect-health-.html
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Krug, Gerhard et al. “Unemployment, Social Networks, and Health Inequalities.” In Social Networks and Health Inequalities, edited by Andreas Klärner et al., 215–29. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97722-1_12
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Yeung, Jerf W. K. et al. “Volunteering and Health Benefits in General Adults: Cumulative Effects and Forms.” BMC Public Health 18, no. 1 (December 2018): 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4561-8
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Healthy People 2030. “Civic Participation.” Literature Summary. Accessed November 11, 2025. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/priority-areas/social-determinants-health/literature-summaries/civic-participation
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Rome, Sunny Harris. “Why Voting Matters.” In Promote the Vote: Positioning Social Workers for Action, by Sunny Harris Rome, 31–49. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84482-0_2
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Health Effects Institute. “Health Impacts of Air Pollution.” State of Global Air. Accessed November 11, 2025. https://www.stateofglobalair.org/hap
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. “Health and Environmental Effects of Particulate Matter (PM).” EPA.gov, May 23, 2025. https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution/health-and-environmental-effects-particulate-matter-pm
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Birth Defects and Childhood Cancers Study.” CDC.gov, November 12, 2024. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/camp-lejeune/health-studies/birth-defects-and-childhood-cancers-study.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Germs That Can Contaminate Tap Water.” CDC.gov, August 2, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/drinking-water/causes/germs-that-can-contaminate-tap-water.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Chemicals That Can Contaminate Tap Water.” CDC.gov, January 30, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/drinking-water/causes/chemicals-that-can-contaminate-tap-water.html
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Mac Kenzie, William R. et al. “A Massive Outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium Infection Transmitted Through the Public Water Supply.” New England Journal of Medicine 331, no. 3 (July 21, 1994): 161–67. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199407213310304
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American Cancer Society. “Arsenic and Cancer Risk.” Cancer.org, June 1, 2023. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/chemicals/arsenic.html
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American Academy of Pediatrics. “Lead Exposure.” AAP.org, July 26, 2021. https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/lead-exposure/
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U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. “Renewable Energy Pillar.” Energy.gov. Accessed November 11, 2025. https://www.energy.gov/eere/renewable-energy-pillar
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Buonocore, Jonathan J. et al. “Health and Climate Benefits of Different Energy-Efficiency and Renewable Energy Choices.” Nature Climate Change 6, no. 1 (January 2016): 100–105. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2771
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Healthy People 2030. “Housing Instability.” Literature Summary. Accessed November 12, 2025. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/priority-areas/social-determinants-health/literature-summaries/housing-instability
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Gu, Kristine D. et al. “Housing Instability and Cardiometabolic Health in the United States: A Narrative Review of the Literature.” BMC Public Health 23, no. 1 (May 23, 2023): 931. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15875-6
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “About Homelessness and Health.” CDC.gov, October 15, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/homelessness-and-health/about/index.html
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Pezzin, Liliana E. et al. “Preventable Hospitalizations, Barriers to Care, and Disability.” Medicine 97, no. 19 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000010691
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Case, Ben. “Chronic Disease Management Programs.” County Health Rankings & Roadmaps, January 25, 2024. https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/strategies-and-solutions/what-works-for-health/strategies/chronic-disease-management-programs
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National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI). “Treatments.” NAMI.org. Accessed November 12, 2025. https://www.nami.org/about-mental-illness/treatments/
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“Mental Health Care Health Professional Shortage Areas (HPSAs).” KFF analysis of the Health Resources and Services Administration’s Designated HPSA Quarterly Summary as of December 31, 2024. KFF State Health Facts. Accessed November 12, 2025. https://www.kff.org/other-health/state-indicator/mental-health-care-health-professional-shortage-areas-hpsas/
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Tolbert, Jennifer et al. Key Facts about the Uninsured Population. Issue Brief. KFF, December 18, 2024. https://www.kff.org/uninsured/issue-brief/key-facts-about-the-uninsured-population/
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Cancer Screening Tests.” CDC.gov, February 6, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/prevention/screening.html
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Rim, Sun Hee et al. “Cost-Effectiveness of Breast Cancer Screening in the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program.” Cancer Causes & Control 30, no. 8 (August 2019): 819–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-019-01178-y
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National Cancer Institute. “Screening Tests.” Cancer.gov, March 24, 2015. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/screening/screening-tests
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Healthy People 2030. “Increase the Proportion of Females Who Get Screened for Breast Cancer — C‑05.” Objective. Accessed November 11, 2025. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/cancer/increase-proportion-females-who-get-screened-breast-cancer-c-05
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Healthy People 2030. “Increase the Proportion of Adults Who Get Screened for Colorectal Cancer — C‑07.” Objective. Accessed November 11, 2025. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/cancer/increase-proportion-adults-who-get-screened-colorectal-cancer-c-07
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Benefits of the Flu Vaccine.” CDC.gov, August 14, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/flu-vaccines-work/benefits/index.html
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Healthy People 2030. “Increase the Proportion of People Who Get the Flu Vaccine Every Year — IID‑09.” Objective. Accessed November 11, 2025. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/vaccination/increase-proportion-people-who-get-flu-vaccine-every-year-iid-09
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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd Edition. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2018. https://health.gov/sites/default/files/2019-09/Physical_Activity_Guidelines_2nd_edition.pdf
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “About E-Cigarettes (Vapes).” Smoking and Tobacco Use, January 7, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/e-cigarettes/about.html
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Xie, Wubin et al. “Association of Electronic Cigarette Use with Respiratory Symptom Development Among U.S. Young Adults.” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 205, no. 11 (June 2022): 1320–29. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202107-1718OC
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Bhatta, Dharma N. et al. “Association of E-Cigarette Use With Respiratory Disease Among Adults: A Longitudinal Analysis.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 58, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 182–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.07.028
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Cigarette Smoking.” CDC.gov, September 17, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/about/index.html
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Healthy People 2030. “Reduce Current Cigarette Smoking in Adults — TU‑02.” Objective. Accessed November 11, 2025. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/tobacco-use/reduce-current-cigarette-smoking-adults-tu-02
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Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. “Infant Mortality Rates.” Indicator. OECD.org. Accessed November 12, 2025. https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/infant-mortality-rates.html
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Gunja, Munira Z. et al. U.S. Health Care From a Global Perspective, 2022: Accelerating Spending, Worsening Outcomes. Issue Brief. Commonwealth Fund, January 31, 2023. https://doi.org/10.26099/8ejy-yc74
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Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. “Life Expectancy at Birth.” Indicator. OECD.org. Accessed November 12, 2025. https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/life-expectancy-at-birth.html
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Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Health at a Glance 2023: OECD Indicators. Health at a Glance. Paris, France: OECD Publishing, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1787/7a7afb35-en
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World Health Organization. “COVID-19 Eliminated a Decade of Progress in Global Level of Life Expectancy.” WHO.int, May 24, 2024. https://www.who.int/news/item/24-05-2024-covid-19-eliminated-a-decade-of-progress-in-global-level-of-life-expectancy
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Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. “Health Spending.” Indicator. OECD.org. Accessed November 12, 2025. https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/health-spending.html
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Wager, Emma et al. “What Drives Health Spending in the U.S. Compared to Other Countries?” Peterson-KFF Health System Tracker, August 2, 2024. https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/what-drives-health-spending-in-the-u-s-compared-to-other-countries/
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Panneton, Michelle et al. Principles for Using Public Health Data to Drive Equity: A Guide to Embedding Equitable Practices Throughout the Data Life Cycle. The CDC Foundation. Accessed September 11, 2025. https://www.cdcfoundation.org/data-equity-principles?inline
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Burton, Deron C. et al. “Principles of Health Equity Science for Public Health Action.” Public Health Reports 139, no. 3 (May 2024): 277–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/00333549231213162
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