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United States Value:
Number of children who were victims of substantiated or indicated maltreatment per 1,000 children
Appears In:
Number of children who were victims of substantiated or indicated maltreatment per 1,000 children
Number of children who were victims of substantiated or indicated maltreatment per 1,000 children
Number of children who were victims of substantiated or indicated maltreatment per 1,000 children
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Children’s Bureau, Child Maltreatment Report
Number of children who were victims of substantiated or indicated maltreatment per 1,000 children
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Children’s Bureau, Child Maltreatment Report
US Value: 8.4%
Top State(s): Pennsylvania: 1.7%
Bottom State(s): Maine: 19.0%
Definition: Number of children who were victims of substantiated or indicated maltreatment per 1,000 children
Data Source and Years: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Children’s Bureau, Child Maltreatment Report, 2020
Suggested Citation: America's Health Rankings analysis of U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Children’s Bureau, Child Maltreatment Report, United Health Foundation, AmericasHealthRankings.org, accessed 2023.
Approximately 618,000 children in the United States were subjected to maltreatment in 2020. Child victimization takes many forms, including sexual, physical and emotional abuse; in 2020, the most common form of child maltreatment was neglect. The vast majority of perpetrators are family members or known relatives; only 3.8% of child victimization perpetrators are someone other than the child’s relative.
While short- and long-term consequences may differ by the type of victimization, the negative impact on cognitive — and subsequent academic, social and emotional — development is consistent. Health outcomes associated with child victimization include increased risk of substance use, conduct disorders, anxiety, depression and being bullied or bullying others. Victims of child abuse are also at higher risk for general health concerns and tend to be ill or stay home sick from school more often than their peers. The social and emotional effects of child victimization include reduced ability to form attachments to their parents, process emotions and correctly assume others’ intentions.
It is estimated that child maltreatment costs the United States economy $2 trillion per year. These costs stem from the pain, suffering and grief attributable to the maltreatment experienced by victims and communities, as well as lost productivity, short- and long-term health care costs, child welfare costs, criminal justice costs and special education costs.
The rate of victimization is higher among:
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has developed a technical package of evidence-based strategies for preventing child abuse and neglect at the community and state levels. Some of the strategies include:
The Child Welfare Information Gateway offers resources for child abuse prevention, including a list of evidence-based practices.
Children’s Bureau. “Child Maltreatment 2020.” Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, 2022. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/cb/report/child-maltreatment-2020.
Fortson, Beverly L., Joanne Klevens, Melissa T. Merrick, Leah K. Gilbert, and Sandra P. Alexander. “Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect: A Technical Package for Policy, Norm, and Programmatic Activities.” Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/CAN-Prevention-Technical-Package.pdf.
Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. New Directions in Child Abuse and Neglect Research. Edited by Anne C. Petersen, Joshua Joseph, and Monica Feit. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2014. https://doi.org/10.17226/18331.
National Scientific Council on the Developing Child. “Connecting the Brain to the Rest of the Body: Early Childhood Development and Lifelong Health Are Deeply Intertwined.” Working Paper No. 15. Cambridge, MA: Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University, 2020. www.developingchild.harvard.edu.
Peterson, Cora, Curtis Florence, and Joanne Klevens. “The Economic Burden of Child Maltreatment in the United States, 2015.” Child Abuse & Neglect 86 (December 1, 2018): 178–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.09.018.
America’s Health Rankings builds on the work of the United Health Foundation to draw attention to public health and better understand the health of various populations. Our platform provides relevant information that policymakers, public health officials, advocates and leaders can use to effect change in their communities.
We have developed detailed analyses on the health of key populations in the country, including women and children, seniors and those who have served in the U.S. Armed Forces, in addition to a deep dive into health disparities across the country.