Appendix References | 2025 Health Of Women And Children Report

Executive BriefIntroductionSpotlight: Women in Rural CommunitiesNational SnapshotFindingsHealth OutcomesSocial and Economic FactorsPhysical EnvironmentClinical CareBehaviorsState RankingsAppendixMeasures Table - WomenMeasures Table - ChildrenData Source DescriptionsMethodologyReferencesState Summaries

US Summary

2025 Health of Women and Children Report 2025 Health of Women and Children Report – Executive Brief 2025 Health of Women and Children Report – State Summaries 2025 Health of Women and Children Report – Concentrated Disadvantage County-Level Maps 2025 Health of Women and Children Report – Measures Table 2025 Health of Women and Children Report – Infographics 2025 Health of Women and Children Report – Report Data (All States)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Leading Causes of Death Among Children Ages 1-19, 2021-2023: Multiple Cause of Death Files, 2018-2023, Single Race Results via CDC WONDER Online Database. Queried August 6, 2025. Accessed September 10, 2025. http://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D157/D445F423
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Injury Deaths Among Children Ages 1-19 by Mechanism, 2021-2023: Multiple Cause of Death Files, 2018-2023, Single Race Results via CDC WONDER Online Database. Queried July 29, 2025. Accessed September 10, 2025. http://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D157/D444F456
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Healthy People 2030. “Reduce the Rate of Deaths in Children and Adolescents Aged 1 to 19 Years — MICH‑03.” Objective. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Accessed September 11, 2025. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/children/reduce-rate-deaths-children-and-adolescents-aged-1-19-years-mich-03
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Murphy, Sherry L. et al. Mortality in the United States, 2023. NCHS Data Brief No. 521. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, December 19, 2024. https://doi.org/10.15620/cdc/170564
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Gunja, Munira Z. et al. U.S. Health Care From a Global Perspective, 2022: Accelerating Spending, Worsening Outcomes. Issue Brief. Commonwealth Fund, January 31, 2023. https://doi.org/10.26099/8ejy-yc74
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Healthy People 2030. “Reduce the Rate of Infant Deaths — MICH‑02.” Objective. Accessed September 11, 2025. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/infants/reduce-rate-infant-deaths-mich-02
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Healthy People 2030. “Leading Health Indicators.” Accessed September 11, 2025. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/leading-health-indicators
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World Health Organization. “Maternal Mortality.” WHO.int, April 7, 2025. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality
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Gunja, Munira Z. et al. Insights into the U.S. Maternal Mortality Crisis: An International Comparison. Issue Brief. Commonwealth Fund, June 4, 2024. https://doi.org/10.26099/cthn-st75
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Healthy People 2030. “Reduce Maternal Deaths — MICH‑04.” Objective. Accessed September 11, 2025. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/pregnancy-and-childbirth/reduce-maternal-deaths-mich-04
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Leading Causes of Death Among Women Ages 20-44, 2023: Multiple Cause of Death Files, 2018-2023, Single Race Results via CDC WONDER Online Database. Queried July 28, 2025. Accessed September 11, 2025. http://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D158/D444F309
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Unintentional Injury Deaths Among Women Ages 20-44 in 2023 by Injury Mechanism, 2023: Multiple Cause of Death Files, 2018-2023, Single Race Results via CDC WONDER Online Database. Queried July 28, 2025. Accessed September 11, 2025. http://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D158/D444F310
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Gunja, Munira Z. et al. Health and Health Care for Women of Reproductive Age: How the United States Compares With Other High-Income Countries. Issue Brief. Commonwealth Fund, April 5, 2022. https://doi.org/10.26099/4pph-j894
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Drug Deaths Among Women, 2022-2024: Provisional Mortality Statistics, 2018 through September 7, 2025 Results via CDC WONDER Online Database. Queried September 11, 2025. Accessed September 11, 2025. https://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D176/D449F589
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Lee, Benjamin et al. “National, State-Level, and County-Level Prevalence Estimates of Adults Aged ≥18 Years Self-Reporting a Lifetime Diagnosis of Depression — United States, 2020.” MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 72, no. 24 (June 16, 2023): 644–50. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7224a1
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National Institute of Mental Health. “Depression.” NIMH.NIH.gov. Accessed September 11, 2025. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression
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National Institute of Mental Health. Depression. NIH Publication No. 24-MH-8079. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 2024. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Risk and Protective Factors for Suicide.” CDC.gov, April 25, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/suicide/risk-factors/index.html
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Meng, Julie Fang et al. “Factors Associated With Not Receiving Mental Health Services Among Children With A Mental Disorder in Early Childhood in the United States, 2021–2022.” Preventing Chronic Disease 21 (October 10, 2024): 240126. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd21.240126
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “About Children’s Mental Health.” CDC.gov, June 9, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/children-mental-health/about/index.html
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County Health Rankings & Roadmaps. “Frequent Physical Distress.” CountyHealthRankings.org. Accessed September 11, 2025. https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/health-data/population-health-and-well-being/quality-of-life/physical-health/frequent-physical-distress
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Kaplan, Robert M. et al. “Health-Related Quality of Life Measurement in Public Health.” Annual Review of Public Health 43, no. 1 (April 5, 2022): 355–73. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052120-012811
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DeSalvo, Karen B. et al. “Mortality Prediction With a Single General Self-Rated Health Question.” Journal of General Internal Medicine 21, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 267. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.00291.x
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Snowden, Jonathan M. et al. “Severe Maternal Morbidity: A Comparison of Definitions and Data Sources.” American Journal of Epidemiology 190, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 1890–97. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwab077
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Terrell, Mary J. “Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome.” MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Accessed September 11, 2025. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007313.htm
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Hudak, Mark L. et al. “Neonatal Drug Withdrawal.” Pediatrics 129, no. 2 (February 1, 2012): e540–60. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-3212
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Ko, Jean Y. et al. “Incidence of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome — 28 States, 1999–2013.” MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 65, no. 31 (August 12, 2016): 799–802. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6531a2
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Ko, Jean Y. et al. “CDC Grand Rounds: Public Health Strategies to Prevent Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome.” MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 66, no. 9 (March 10, 2017): 242–45. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6609a2
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Cleveland Clinic. “Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome (Formerly Known as Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome).” My.ClevelandClinic.org. Accessed September 11, 2025. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23226-neonatal-abstinence-syndrome
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Child and Teen BMI Categories.” CDC.gov, July 28, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/bmi/child-teen-calculator/bmi-categories.html
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Jebeile, Hiba et al. “Obesity in Children and Adolescents: Epidemiology, Causes, Assessment, and Management.” The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 10, no. 5 (May 2022): 351–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00047-X
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Simone, Melissa et al. “Unhealthy Weight Control Behaviors and Substance Use Among Adolescent Girls: The Harms of Weight Stigma.” Social Science & Medicine 233 (July 1, 2019): 64–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.05.047
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Stabouli, Stella et al. “Obesity and Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents: The Bidirectional Link.” Nutrients 13, no. 12 (November 29, 2021): 4321. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124321
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Tomiyama, A. Janet et al. “How and Why Weight Stigma Drives the Obesity ‘Epidemic’ and Harms Health.” BMC Medicine 16, no. 1 (December 2018): 123. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-018-1116-5
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Gong, Wei Jie et al. “Late-Onset or Chronic Overweight/Obesity Predicts Low Self-Esteem in Early Adolescence: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.” BMC Public Health 22, no. 1 (December 2022): 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12381-5
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Life Course Indicator: Concentrated Disadvantage. The Life Course Metrics Project. Washington, D.C.: Association of Maternal & Child Health Programs, Fall 2013. https://amchp.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/LC-06_ConcentratedDisad_Final-4-24-2014.pdf
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Sacks, Vanessa. 5 Ways Neighborhoods of Concentrated Disadvantage Harm Children. Research Brief. Child Trends, February 14, 2018. https://www.childtrends.org/publications/5-ways-neighborhoods-of-concentrated-disadvantage-harm-children
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Christie-Mizell, C. André. “Neighborhood Disadvantage and Poor Health: The Consequences of Race, Gender, and Age Among Young Adults.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13 (July 1, 2022): 8107. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138107
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Thomas, Margaret M. C. et al. “Food Insecurity and Child Health.” Pediatrics 144, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): e20190397. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-0397
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U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service. “WIC: USDA’s Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.” FNS.USDA.gov, July 7, 2025. https://www.fns.usda.gov/wic
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Rome, Sunny Harris. “Why Voting Matters.” In Promote the Vote: Positioning Social Workers for Action, by Sunny Harris Rome, 31–49. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84482-0_2
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Adler, Sarah Elizabeth. “Milestone Moments in Women’s Suffrage History.” AARP.org, August 14, 2020. https://www.aarp.org/events-history/women-suffrage-moments/
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Center for American Women and Politics. “Gender Differences in Voter Turnout.” New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Eagleton Institute of Politics, Center for American Women and Politics, 2025. https://cawp.rutgers.edu/facts/voters/gender-differences-voter-turnout
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Miller, Grant. “Women’s Suffrage, Political Responsiveness, and Child Survival in American History.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 123, no. 3 (August 1, 2008): 1287–1327. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2008.123.3.1287
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Koehler, Kirsten et al. “Building Healthy Community Environments: A Public Health Approach.” Public Health Reports 133, no. S1 (November 14, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1177/0033354918798809
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Cox, Daniel A. et al. The Importance of Place: Neighborhood Amenities as a Source of Social Connection and Trust. American Enterprise Institute, May 2019. https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/The-Importance-of-Place.pdf
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Gelormino, Elena et al. “From Built Environment to Health Inequalities: An Explanatory Framework Based on Evidence.” Preventive Medicine Reports 2 (2015): 737–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.08.019
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Anderson, Richard Chase et al. Becoming a Nation of Readers: The Report of the Commission on Reading. Washington, D.C./Chicago, IL: National Academy of Education, National Institute of Education; University of Illinois, 1985. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED253865
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High, Pamela C. et al. “Literacy Promotion: An Essential Component of Primary Care Pediatric Practice.” Pediatrics 134, no. 2 (August 1, 2014): 404–9. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-1384
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Office of Early Childhood Development. “Talk, Read, and Sing Together Every Day!” Tip Sheets for Families, Caregivers and Early Learning Educators. ACF.gov. Administration for Children and Families, Office of Early Childhood Development, May 8, 2017. https://acf.gov/ecd/talk-read-and-sing-together-every-day
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Hahn, Robert A. et al. “Early Childhood Education to Promote Health Equity: A Community Guide Systematic Review.” Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 22, no. 5 (2016): E1–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000000378
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American Academy of Pediatrics. “School Attendance.” AAP.org, February 11, 2025. https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/school-health/school-attendance/
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Germain, Emily et al. Reducing Chronic Absenteeism: Lessons From Community Schools. Report. Learning Policy Institute, August 2024. https://doi.org/10.54300/510.597
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2025 KIDS COUNT Data Book: State Trends in Child Well-Being. Baltimore, MD: The Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2025. https://assets.aecf.org/m/resourcedoc/Aecf-2025kidscountdatabook.pdf
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2024 KIDS COUNT Data Book: State Trends in Child Well-Being. Baltimore, MD: The Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2024. https://assets.aecf.org/m/resourcedoc/aecf-2024kidscountdatabook-2024.pdf
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NCES.ED.gov. “Assessments - Reading.” Nation’s Report Card. National Center for Education Statistics, August 22, 2025. https://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/reading/
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Health Problems Caused by Secondhand Smoke.” CDC.gov, January 31, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/secondhand-smoke/health.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “About Secondhand Smoke.” CDC.gov, July 15, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/secondhand-smoke/index.html
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National Cancer Institute. “Secondhand Smoke and Cancer.” Cancer.org, December 10, 2018. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/tobacco/second-hand-smoke-fact-sheet
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Grace Sparks et al. Americans’ Challenges With Health Care Costs. KFF, July 11, 2025. https://www.kff.org/health-costs/americans-challenges-with-health-care-costs/
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Kao, Yu-Hsiang et al. “Continuity of Outpatient Care and Avoidable Hospitalization: A Systematic Review.” The American Journal of Managed Care 25, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): e126–34. https://www.ajmc.com/view/continuity-of-outpatient-care-and-avoidable-hospitalization-a-systematic-review
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Coster, Joanne E. et al. “Why Do People Choose Emergency and Urgent Care Services? A Rapid Review Utilizing a Systematic Literature Search and Narrative Synthesis.” Edited by Daniel L. Theodoro. Academic Emergency Medicine 24, no. 9 (September 2017): 1137–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.13220
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Yong, Pierre L. et al., eds. The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes: Workshop Series Summary. Institute of Medicine Roundtable on Evidence-Based Medicine. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2010. https://doi.org/10.17226/12750
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County Health Rankings & Roadmaps. “Chronic Disease Management Programs.” CountyHealthRankings.org, January 25, 2024. https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/strategies-and-solutions/what-works-for-health/strategies/chronic-disease-management-programs
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “About Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).” CDC.gov, October 23, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/adhd/about/index.html
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American Professional Society of ADHD and Related Disorders. “The Earlier, the Better: Diagnosing and Treating ADHD in Preschoolers.” APSARD.org, November 12, 2018. https://apsard.org/the-earlier-the-better-diagnosing-and-treating-adhd-in-preschoolers/
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National Institute of Mental Health. ADHD in Adults: 4 Things to Know. NIH Publication No. 24-MH-3573. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 2024. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/adhd-what-you-need-to-know
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Yu, Justin et al. “Underinsurance Among Children in the United States.” Pediatrics 149, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): e2021050353. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-050353
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Hill, Holly A. et al. “Vaccination Coverage by Age 24 Months Among Children Born in 2019 and 2020 — National Immunization Survey-Child, United States, 2020–2022.” MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 72, no. 44 (November 3, 2023): 1190–96. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7244a3
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Tolbert, Jennifer et al. Key Facts about the Uninsured Population. Issue Brief. KFF, December 18, 2024. https://www.kff.org/uninsured/issue-brief/key-facts-about-the-uninsured-population/
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Abdullah, Fizan et al. “Analysis of 23 Million US Hospitalizations: Uninsured Children Have Higher All-Cause in-Hospital Mortality.” Journal of Public Health 32, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 236–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdp099
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Diseases That Vaccines Help Protect Against.” CDC.gov, June 6, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines-children/diseases/index.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Key Facts About Seasonal Flu Vaccine.” CDC.gov, September 17, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/vaccines/keyfacts.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “CDC Study Points to Potential Benefits of Newer Flu Vaccines.” CDC.gov, February 22, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/whats-new/2023-2024-flu-vaccine-benefits.html
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Healthy People 2030. “Increase the Proportion of People Who Get the Flu Vaccine Every Year — IID‑09.” Objective. Accessed September 11, 2025. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/vaccination/increase-proportion-people-who-get-flu-vaccine-every-year-iid-09
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Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. “Get Your Well-Woman Visit Every Year.” MyHealthFinder, September 17, 2024. https://odphp.health.gov/myhealthfinder/healthy-living/sexual-health/get-your-well-woman-visit-every-year
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Cancer Screening Tests.” CDC.gov, January 16, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/prevention/screening.html
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Witkop, Catherine et al. “ACOG Committee Opinion No. 755: Well-Woman Visit.” Obstetrics & Gynecology 132, no. 4 (October 2018): e181–86. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002897
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American Academy of Pediatrics. “AAP Schedule of Well-Child Care Visits.” HealthyChildren.org, July 22, 2025. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/family-life/health-management/Pages/Well-Child-Care-A-Check-Up-for-Success.aspx
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Schwartz, Charles I. “Well-Child Visits.” MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, July 8, 2025. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001928.htm
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Kipping, R. R. et al. “Multiple Risk Behaviour in Adolescence.” Journal of Public Health 34, no. S1 (March 1, 2012): i1–2. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdr122
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Healthy People 2030. “Reduce Cesarean Births Among Low-Risk Women With No Prior Births — MICH‑06.” Objective. Accessed September 11, 2025. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/pregnancy-and-childbirth/reduce-cesarean-births-among-low-risk-women-no-prior-births-mich-06
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Healthy People 2030. “Increase the Proportion of Pregnant Women Who Receive Early and Adequate Prenatal Care — MICH‑08.” Objective. Accessed September 11, 2025. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/pregnancy-and-childbirth/increase-proportion-pregnant-women-who-receive-early-and-adequate-prenatal-care-mich-08
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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd Edition. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2018. https://health.gov/sites/default/files/2019-09/Physical_Activity_Guidelines_2nd_edition.pdf
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Healthy People 2030. “Increase the Proportion of Adults Who Do Enough Aerobic and Muscle-Strengthening Activity — PA‑05.” Objective. Accessed September 11, 2025. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/physical-activity/increase-proportion-adults-who-do-enough-aerobic-and-muscle-strengthening-activity-pa-05
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “About Chlamydia.” CDC.gov, January 31, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/chlamydia/about/index.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Infections Surveillance 2023. Report. National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of STD Prevention, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/sti-statistics/media/pdfs/2025/09/2023_STI_Surveillance_Report_FINAL_508.pdf
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Infections Surveillance 2022. Report. National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of STD Prevention, January 30, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/sti-statistics/media/pdfs/2024/11/2022-STI-Surveillance-Report-PDF.pdf
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Capital Women’s Care. “Teen Pregnancy Prevention Tips for Parents.” CWCare.net, April 29, 2021. https://www.cwcare.net/teen-pregnancy-prevention-tips-for-parents/
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SmithBattle, Lee et al. “Untangling Risky Discourse With Evidence: A Scoping Review of Outcomes for Teen Mothers’ Offspring.” Children and Youth Services Review 161 (June 2024): 107609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107609
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Cederbaum, Julie A. et al. “Sex and Substance Use Behaviors Among Children of Teen Mothers: A Systematic Review.” Journal of Adolescence 79 (February 1, 2020): 208–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.01.008
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Pineles, Beth L. et al. “Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Miscarriage and Maternal Exposure to Tobacco Smoke During Pregnancy.” American Journal of Epidemiology 179, no. 7 (April 1, 2014): 807–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwt334
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Horne, Andrew W. et al. “The Association between Smoking and Ectopic Pregnancy: Why Nicotine Is BAD for Your Fallopian Tube.” Edited by Hiroyoshi Ariga. PLoS ONE 9, no. 2 (February 20, 2014): e89400. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089400
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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Let’s Make the Next Generation Tobacco-Free: Your Guide to the 50th Anniversary Surgeon General’s Report on Smoking and Health. 2014. Reprint, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office on Smoking and Health, July 2015. https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/consequences-smoking-consumer-guide.pdf
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Substance Use During Pregnancy.” CDC.gov, May 15, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/maternal-infant-health/pregnancy-substance-abuse/index.html
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Higgins, Stephen T. et al. “Decreasing Smoking during Pregnancy: Potential Economic Benefit of Reducing Sudden Unexpected Infant Death.” Preventive Medicine 140 (November 2020): 106238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106238
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Panneton, Michelle et al. Principles for Using Public Health Data to Drive Equity: A Guide to Embedding Equitable Practices Throughout the Data Life Cycle. The CDC Foundation. Accessed September 11, 2025. https://www.cdcfoundation.org/data-equity-principles?inline
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Burton, Deron C. et al. “Principles of Health Equity Science for Public Health Action.” Public Health Reports 139, no. 3 (May 2024): 277–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/00333549231213162
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