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2025 Health of Women and Children Report

Measures Table - Women

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Executive BriefIntroductionSpotlight: Women in Rural CommunitiesNational SnapshotFindingsHealth OutcomesSocial and Economic FactorsPhysical EnvironmentClinical CareBehaviorsState RankingsAppendixMeasures Table - WomenMeasures Table - ChildrenData Source DescriptionsMethodologyReferencesState SummariesUS SummaryAlabamaAlaskaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColoradoConnecticutDelawareDistrict of ColumbiaFloridaGeorgiaHawaiiIdahoIllinoisIndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMarylandMassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaOhioOklahomaOregonPennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth DakotaTennesseeTexasUtahVermontVirginiaWashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinWyoming
2025 Health of Women and Children Report2025 Health of Women and Children Report – Executive Brief2025 Health of Women and Children Report – State Summaries2025 Health of Women and Children Report – Concentrated Disadvantage County-Level Maps2025 Health of Women and Children Report – Measures Table2025 Health of Women and Children Report – Infographics2025 Health of Women and Children Report – Report Data (All States)
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Social and Economic Factors – Women

Measure
Description
Source
Data Year(s)
Community and Family Safety
Firearm Deaths*
Number of deaths among females ages 20-44 due to firearm injury of any intent (unintentional, suicide, homicide or undetermined) per 100,000 population
U.S. HHS, Multiple Cause of Death Files via CDC WONDER
2021-2023
Injury Deaths
Number of deaths due to injury per 100,000 females ages 20-44
U.S. HHS, Multiple Cause of Death Files via CDC WONDER
2021-2023
Intimate Partner Violence Before Pregnancy*
Percentage of women with a recent live birth who experienced violence by a husband or partner (current or former) in the 12 months before pregnancy
U.S. HHS, CDC, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) or state equivalent
2023
Economic Resources
Concentrated Disadvantage^
Percentage of households with children that are located in census tracts for which the averaged z-score of the following factors is above the 75th percentile: family households below the poverty line, female-headed households, individuals receiving public assistance, unemployed population age 16 and older and population younger than 18
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 5-Year Dataset
2019-2023
Food Insecurity
Percentage of households unable to provide adequate food for one or more household members due to lack of resources
USDA, Household Food Security in the United States Report Series
2021-2023
Gender Pay Gap*
Women’s median annual earnings as a percentage of men’s median annual earnings for full-time, year-round civilian workers age 16 and older
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 1-Year Dataset
2023
Poverty
Percentage of females ages 18-44 who live below the poverty level
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 1-Year Dataset
2023
Unemployment
Percentage of the female civilian workforce that is unemployed
U.S. DOL, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics Program
2023
Education
College Graduate
Percentage of women ages 25-44 who graduated from a college or technical school
U.S. HHS, CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
2022-2023
Social Support and Engagement
Infant Child Care Affordability*
Average price for center-based infant care as a percentage of married couples’ median income
Child Care Aware of America, High Price of Child Care Report Series
2025 Publication
Residential Segregation - Black/White
Index of dissimilarity with higher values indicating greater segregation between Black and non-Hispanic white households, ranging from zero (complete integration) to 100 (complete segregation)
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 5-Year Dataset
2019-2023
Voter Participation (Average)^
Average of the percentage of female U.S. citizens age 18 and older who voted in the last presidential and national midterm elections
U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Voting and Registration Supplement
2022/2024

Physical Environment – Women and Children

Measure
Description
Source
Data Year(s)
Air and Water Quality
Air Pollution
Average exposure of the general public to particulate matter of 2.5 microns or less, measured in micrograms per cubic meter
U.S. EPA
2021-2023
Drinking Water Violations
Average number of health-based drinking water violations per community water system in a state
U.S. EPA, Safe Drinking Water Information System via ECHO
2023
Household Smoke
Percentage of children ages 0-17 who live in households where someone uses cigarettes, cigars or pipe tobacco
U.S. HHS, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, National Survey of Children's Health
2023-2024
Water Fluoridation
Percentage of the population served by community water systems that has fluoridated water
U.S. HHS, CDC, Water Fluoridation Reporting System
2022
Climate and Health
Climate Policies
Number of the four following state policies in place: legally binding electricity portfolio standards; carbon pricing policies; climate change action plans; and economy-wide greenhouse gas emission targets
Center for Climate and Energy Solutions
2024
Transportation Energy Use*
Amount of energy in trillion British thermal units (BTUs) consumed by the transportation of people and goods per 100,000 population
U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System
2023
Housing and Transportation
Drive Alone to Work
Percentage of female workers age 16 and older who drive alone to work
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 1-Year Dataset
2023
Housing Cost Burden
Percentage of households with one or more children younger than 18 years for which housing costs are more than 30% of household income
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey PUMS
2023
Housing With Lead Risk
Percentage of housing stock with potential elevated lead risk due to age of housing
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 1-Year Dataset
2023

Clinical Care – Women

Measure
Description
Source
Data Year(s)
Access to Care
Adequate Prenatal Care
Percentage of live births in which the mother received prenatal care beginning in the first four months of pregnancy with the appropriate number of visits for the infant's gestational age
March of Dimes
2023
Avoided Care Due to Cost
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported a time in the past 12 months when they needed to see a doctor but could not because of cost
U.S. HHS, CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
2022-2023
Maternity Care Desert†*
Percentage of females ages 15-44 living in a county with no birth centers, certified nurse midwives, family practice physicians, obstetricians or hospitals that provide obstetric care
March of Dimes
2024 Report
Uninsured Women
Percentage of women ages 19-44 not covered by private or public health insurance
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 1-Year Dataset
2023
Women's Health Providers
Number of obstetricians, gynecologists and midwives per 100,000 females age 15 and older
U.S. HHS, CMS, National Plan and Provider Enumeration System
September 2024
Preventive Clinical Care
Cervical Cancer Screening†
Percentage of women ages 25-44 who reported receiving cervical cancer screening consistent with the USPSTF guidelines
U.S. HHS, CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
2022
Dental Visit†
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported visiting a dentist or dental clinic within the past year
U.S. HHS, CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
2022
Flu Vaccination
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported receiving a seasonal flu vaccine in the past 12 months
U.S. HHS, CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
2022-2023
Postpartum Visit*
Percentage of women with a recent live birth who reported receiving a postpartum checkup
U.S. HHS, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Federally Available Data
2023
Well-Woman Visit
Percentage of women ages 18-44 with a preventive medical visit in the past year
U.S. HHS, CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
2022-2023
Quality of Care
Breastfeeding Initiation
Percentage of infants who were breastfed between birth and discharge from the hospital
U.S. HHS, Natality Public Use Files via CDC WONDER
2023
Dedicated Health Care Provider
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported having a personal doctor or health care provider
U.S. HHS, CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
2022-2023
Low-Risk Cesarean Delivery
Percentage of singleton, head-first, term (37 or more completed weeks) first births that were cesarean deliveries
U.S. HHS, Natality Public Use Files via CDC WONDER
2023
Maternity Practices Score
Maternity Practices in Infant and Nutrition Care (mPINC) survey score based on seven birth facility policies and practices, with higher scores denoting better maternity care policies and practices
U.S. HHS, CDC, mPINC State Report Series
2024

Behaviors - Women

Measure
Description
Source
Data Year(s)
Nutrition and Physical Activity
Exercise
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who met the federal physical activity guidelines (150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous aerobic activity and two days of muscle strengthening per week) in the past 30 days
U.S. HHS, CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
2023
Fruit and Vegetable Consumption† 
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported consuming two or more fruits and three or more vegetables daily
U.S. HHS, CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
2021
Physical Inactivity 
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported doing no physical activity or exercise other than their regular job in the past 30 days
U.S. HHS, CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
2022-2023
Sexual Health
Chlamydia
Number of new cases of chlamydia per 100,000 females ages 15-44
U.S. HHS, CDC, NCHHSTP AtlasPlus
2023
High-Risk HIV Behaviors†
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported any of the following in the past year: injecting any drug other than those prescribed for them; being treated for a sexually transmitted disease or STD; or giving or receiving money or drugs in exchange for sex
U.S. HHS, CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
2022
Unintended Pregnancy*
Percentage of women with a recent live birth who did not want to become pregnant or wanted to become pregnant later
U.S. HHS, CDC, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) or state equivalent
2023
Sleep Health
Insufficient Sleep†
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported sleeping, on average, less than seven hours in a 24-hour period
U.S. HHS, CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
2022
Smoking and Tobacco Use
E-Cigarette Use*
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported using e-cigarettes or other electronic vaping products at least once in their lifetime and now use daily or some days
U.S. HHS, CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
2022-2023
Smoking
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported smoking at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and currently smoke daily or some days
U.S. HHS, CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
2022-2023
Smoking During Pregnancy
Percentage of mothers who reported smoking cigarettes during pregnancy
U.S. HHS, Natality Public Use Files via CDC WONDER
2023

Health Outcomes – Women

Measure
Description
Source
Data Year(s)
Behavioral Health
Drug Deaths*
Number of deaths due to drug injury (unintentional, suicide, homicide or undetermined) per 100,000 females ages 20-44
U.S. HHS, Multiple Cause of Death Files via CDC WONDER
2021-2023
Excessive Drinking
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported binge drinking (four or more drinks on one occasion in the past 30 days) or heavy drinking (eight or more drinks per week)
U.S. HHS, CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
2022-2023
Frequent Mental Distress
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported their mental health was not good 14 or more days in the past 30 days
U.S. HHS, CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
2022-2023
Illicit Drug Use
Percentage of women ages 18-49 who reported misusing prescription psychotherapeutics (pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants or sedatives) or using cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants or methamphetamine in the past year 
U.S. HHS, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Survey on Drug Use and Health
2022-2023
Postpartum Anxiety*
Percentage of women with a recent live birth who reported experiencing anxiety symptoms
U.S. HHS, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Federally Available Data
2023
Postpartum Depression*
Percentage of women with a recent live birth who reported experiencing depressive symptoms
U.S. HHS, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Federally Available Data
2023
Mortality
Maternal Mortality*
Number of deaths related to or aggravated by pregnancy (excluding accidental or incidental causes) occurring within 42 days of the end of a pregnancy per 100,000 live births
U.S. HHS, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Federally Available Data
2019-2023
Mortality Rate
Number of deaths per 100,000 women ages 20-44
U.S. HHS, Multiple Cause of Death Files via CDC WONDER
2023
Physical Health
Frequent Physical Distress
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported their physical health was not good 14 or more days in the past 30 days
U.S. HHS, CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
2022-2023
High Blood Pressure
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported being told by a health professional that they have high blood pressure
U.S. HHS, CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
2023
High Health Status*
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported their health is very good or excellent
U.S. HHS, CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
2022-2023
Multiple Chronic Conditions
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported having three or more of the following chronic health conditions: arthritis, asthma, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease (heart disease, heart attack or stroke), cancer (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer), depression or diabetes
U.S. HHS, CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
2022-2023
Arthritis*
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported being told by a health professional that they have some form of arthritis
U.S. HHS, CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
2022-2023
Asthma*
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported ever being told by a health professional that they have asthma
U.S. HHS, CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
2022-2023
Cancer*
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported being told by a health professional that they had any type of cancer (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer)
U.S. HHS, CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
2022-2023
Cardiovascular Diseases*
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported being told by a health professional that they had angina or coronary heart disease, a heart attack or myocardial infarction, or a stroke
U.S. HHS, CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
2022-2023
Chronic Kidney Disease*
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported being told by a health professional that they had kidney disease (excluding kidney stones, bladder infection and incontinence)
U.S. HHS, CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
2022-2023
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease*
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported being told by a health professional that they had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema or chronic bronchitis
U.S. HHS, CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
2022-2023
Depression*
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported being told by a health professional that they had a depressive disorder, including depression, major depression, minor depression or dysthymia
U.S. HHS, CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
2022-2023
Diabetes*
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported being told by a health professional that they had diabetes (excluding prediabetes and gestational diabetes)
U.S. HHS, CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
2022-2023
Obesity
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who have a body mass index of 30.0 or higher based on reported height and weight
U.S. HHS, CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
2022-2023
Severe Maternal Morbidity*
Number of significant life-threatening maternal complications during delivery per 10,000 delivery hospitalizations
U.S. HHS, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Federally Available Data
2022
* Additional measure, excluded from the Overall or category composite measures.
^ Data for each of the components are available in the Explore Data section.
† Data in this edition were repeated from the last edition.

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